Pinewood Battery and the Fall of Hong Kong
Tucked away in Hong Kong is a military site with a rich history known as Pinewood Battery. Its significance in battles may be overshadowed by other sites, but it remains a landmark that maintains its unique charm. The distinctive architecture of the site adds to its appeal, showing the influence of Western culture in Asia. While the site is no longer in use, visitors can still take in its beauty and learn about its fascinating past. Pinewood Battery stands as a testament to Hong Kong’s military heritage, and is a must-visit stop for those interested in the City’s history.
Located in the stunning Lung Fu Shan Country Park, Pinewood Battery is located high amongst the verdant and now forested hills of Hong Kong.
History
In 1901, the construction of Pinewood Battery began with an estimated cost of £7,700, symbolizing a strategic move to safeguard Hong Kong against potential threats — namely Russia and France. By November 1905, the construction was complete, surpassing the initial estimate to come in at a total construction cost of £9,579. The battery was initially armed with two 6" BL Mk VII guns, showcasing its readiness for defensive operations.
Over the years, the armament at Pinewood Battery underwent a variety of changes. In 1906, two 6" BL guns were in place, reflecting the evolution in military defence strategies which continued in subsequent years with fluctuations in the number of guns mounted at the site, and in plans for the reduction and adjustments in armament configurations for operational efficiency. Or to put it another way, cost savings.
However the Battery’s significance extended beyond its early years as it transitioned from being designated as surplus to requirements in 1906 due to concerns over maintenance costs into a core defence as the technological landscape evolved in the run up to and during World War I.
We know in 1912, that the Pinewood Battery was equipped with two 6" guns, because these were reported as “captured” during a March exercise, adding a touch of unforeseen drama to its history. By 1913, references refer to the Battery’s dominant ridge location noting the strategic advantage it held in overseeing its surroundings.
As the need for anti-aircraft defence emerged, Pinewood Battery was revived. In the mid-1920s this revival involved the installation of two three-inch Mark 1 anti-aircraft guns and the addition of various buildings and shelters, enhancing the Battery’s defensive capabilities in response to contemporary threats.
It was this Battery that played an instrumental role in the protection and security of Hong Kong during the infamous Battle of Hong Kong that raged from the 8–25th of December 1941. Following an attack on the city just one week prior, the Japanese directed their focus and efforts towards Hong Kong island specifically.
Situated on the western side of Hong Kogn island, Pinewood Battery was part of the West Brigade’s defensive network under Brigadier John K. Lawson. The battery, manned by the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps (HKVDC), was strategically positioned to provide artillery support and defend against potential Japanese advances. However, the battery’s effectiveness was severely compromised by relentless Japanese artillery bombardments, which began on the 13th of December. By the 15th of December, the Japanese had intensified their attacks on key defensive positions, which were under attack from the 23rd Army Air Group which caused significant damage. The Japanese bombers made several air raids on the Pinewood Battery which had been manned by soldiers from the 17th Anti-Aircraft Battery of the 5th Regiment of the Royal Artillery. The heavy bomb damage forced the abandonment of the Battery. This loss was a significant blow to the island’s defensive capabilities, as it weakened the ability to counter Japanese movements and to protect strategic locations like Wong Nai Chung Gap. The fall of Pinewood Battery underscored the overwhelming firepower and tactical superiority of the Japanese forces, contributing to the eventual collapse of Hong Kong’s defences and the surrender on the 25th of December 1941 of Hong Kong. The battery’s history during the battle reflects the broader challenges faced by the defenders, including inadequate resources, relentless enemy pressure, and the harsh realities of urban and mountainous warfare.
On Christmas Day 1941, the Japanese invasion resulted in Governor Mark Young’s surrender. Pinewood Battery, which faced air raids that led to the destruction of an anti-aircraft gun and other equipment, was abandoned on the 15th. After that, it fell into a state of disuse.
Location Today
The old structures of Pinewood Battery continue standing but are of course showing signs of time’s toll. The military base was given a Grade II conservation status in 2009, acknowledging its historic value. Unfortunately, two magazines were recently demolished and although Pinewood Battery, was formerly a strong construction, it is now in ruins. A collection of concrete buildings and structures, including magazine buildings, gun emplacements, a battery command post, and a fire control tower, comprise the surviving battery remains. The buildings show significant structural damage from the 1941 Japanese air raids. Hatton Road and the two terrace levels are connected by steps, and there are smaller battery-building ruins scattered across the property. The ruins offer some insight into the battery’s past use despite their dilapidated state.
Today, the architecturally interesting site is under the management of the Leisure and Cultural Services Department, while maintenance duties are handled by the Architectural Services Department. Much of Pinewood Battery has now been converted into a calm picnic area where guests can take in the verdant surroundings and historical context. A memorable experience for visitors is provided by the interpretive signs placed throughout the area, which provide insights into the historical significance of the battery. There are picnic tables, benches, and BBQ pits and in 1982 and 1984, respectively, a public restroom and a pavilion were added. Locals, early morning walkers, picnickers, and tourists frequent the area, particularly on Sundays and public holidays.
Preservation Efforts
Interstingly war of a kind still persists at the site today. The Country and Marine Parks Authority, AFCD, has outlawed the use of firearms, airguns — yes includes you enthusiastic bb and paintball enthusiast — and any other propelling device on the property in order to prevent additional harm to the site. In spite of these precautions, plastic BB bullet fragments are still scattered throughout the area, suggesting that the battery is still a well-liked location for war games. Concerns about vandalism have also been raised, and the government has taken steps to deter future building modifications and demolitions.
Conclusion
Pinewood Battery serves as a somber reminder of the military history of Hong Kong. The battery saw important moments in the history of the city from the time of its construction in the early 1900s until its abandonment following the Japanese air raids. As a Grade II historic site today, Pinewood Battery welcomes guests to explore its ruins, consider its historical significance, and take in the surrounding area’s natural beauty. Despite obstacles like war gaming and vandalism, attempts are being made to protect this historic site and keep its integrity. Pinewood Battery contributes to the rich heritage of Hong Kong’s historic buildings and has both an individual and collective value.
